Heidelberg, Germany

Matter to Life

Master's
Language: EnglishStudies in English
Qualification: Master
Kind of studies: full-time studies
University website: www.uni-heidelberg.de
Life
Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate. Various forms of life exist, such as plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, and bacteria. The criteria can at times be ambiguous and may or may not define viruses, viroids, or potential synthetic life as "living". Biology is the science concerned with the study of life.
Matter
In the classical physics observed in everyday life, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that we can touch are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic particles, and in everyday as well as scientific usage, "matter" generally includes atoms and anything made up of these, and any particles (or combination of particles) that act as if they have both rest mass and volume. However it does not include massless particles such as photons, or other energy phenomena or waves such as light or sound. Matter exists in various states (also known as phases). These include classical everyday phases such as solid, liquid, and gas - for example water exists as ice, liquid water, and gaseous steam - but other states are possible, including plasma, Bose–Einstein condensates, fermionic condensates, and quark–gluon plasma.
Life
Rather than accept the fantastically small probability of life having arisen through the blind forces of nature, it seemed better to suppose that the origin of life was a deliberate intellectual act.
Fred Hoyle, cited in The Watchtower magazine, 1999, 6/15, article: The Creator Can Add Meaning to Your Life.
Matter
Whilst Copernicus has persuaded us to believe, contrary to all the senses, that the earth does not stand fast Boscovich has taught us to abjure the belief in the last thing that stood fast of the earth—the belief in "substance," in "matter," in the earth-residuum, and particle-atom: it is the greatest triumph over the senses that has hitherto been gained on earth. One must, however, go still further, and also declare war... against the "atomistic requirements" which still lead a dangerous after-life in places where no one suspects them, like the more celebrated "metaphysical requirements": one must also above all give the finishing stroke to that other and more portentous atomism which Christianity has taught best and longest, the soul-atomism. Let it be pemitted to designate by this expression the belief which regards the soul as something indestructible, eternal, indivisible, as a monad, as an atomon : this belief ought to be expelled from science!
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil: Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future (1886)
Life
Like pilgrims to th' appointed place we tend;
The World's an Inn, and Death the journey's end.
John Dryden, Palamon and Arcite, III. 887.
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